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International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research (IJDVR)    IJDVR-2328-353X-04-201

Timing of Appetite to Optimize Cardiovascular Health


Akbar Nikkhah

Chief Highly Distinguished Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zanjan, Foremost Highly Distinguished Scientist, National Elite Foundation, Iran.

*Corresponding Author

Akbar Nikkhah,
Chief Highly Distinguished Professor,
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
University of Zanjan, Foremost Highly Distinguished Scientist,
National Elite Foundation, Iran.
E-mail: anikkha@yahoo.com

Received: January 19, 2016; Accepted: February 19, 2016; Published: February 22, 2016

Citation: Akbar Nikkhah (2016) Timing of Appetite to Optimize Cardiovascular Health. Int J Diabetol Vasc Dis Res,. 4(2), 152-153.DOI : dx.doi.org/10.19070/2328-353X-1600032

Copyright: Akbar Nikkhah© 2016. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.



Abstract

This public policy article establishes circadian timing of appetite and nutrient consumption as a pragmatic science to feasibly optimize cardiovascular health. Conventionally, almost all scientific efforts have focused on managing daily quantity and quality of nutrient intake in programming public nutrition and health. However, a very significant applied science, incrementally emerging recently, is timing of appetite and eating different nutrients over the 24-h period.



1.Key Words
2.Discoverers and Discussion
3.Implications
4.Acknowledgments
5.References

Key Words

Vascular Health; Metabolism; Disease; Timing of Appetite.


Discoverers and Discussion

The science of appetite and eating timing stems from the principle that the circadian evolutionary nature of human life has led to development of almost 24-h rhythms in cell physiology and function [1-3]. As a result, metabolism extent and rate differ substantively during different hours of the 24-h period that are also independent from food intake per se [4-6]. Eating or appetite as a biological synchronizer of cell metabolism is highly integrated with the time when it occurs in regulating biochemical reactions [7, 8]. This means that eating the same amount of the same food at different hours of the 24-h period has different metabolic and health consequences. In other words, cell metabolism and waste management efficiency and thus sensitivity to pathological conditions and agents depend highly on when during 24-h period (i.e., early to late morning, noon, mid to late afternoon, evening, overnight) nutrients are taken.

Basically, human glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity develop as day leaves for night [4, 9]. This phenomenon provides an evolutionary proof for the circadian nature of human activity and resting time that keeps the body and its differential cells wellprepared for varying functions [10]. Endocrinologically, resting can occur most desirably when the gastrointestinal system and interrelated splanchnic and peripheral tissues are not overly involved in nutrient bioprocessing and energetics. Owing to such reduced energy demands at times of limited activity during evening and later overnight, the body has not learnt to require insulin and other facilitating hormones and proteins to assimilate nutrients. As such, any overflow of glucose and energy-producing nutrients later in evening and overnight would oppose human evolution in healthy management of cell physiology. Thus, at certain circadian times, human is more prone to cardiovascular complexities and obesity.

The public education programs must increasingly communicate the significance of timing of food intake as an emerging public science in improving human health and welfare. Appetizing and eating energizing foods during day especially early morning must be encouraged. On the other hand, taking large and concentrated meals overnight must be discouraged and minimized [8, 10]. Healthy appetite and eating behaviour demand taking frequent but rather small meals during day and avoiding a large single evening meal. This is the lesson that evolution teaches humans [11]. Such guidelines must be expanded and specified for different age groups, physiological states, work conditions, and other relevant divisions according to research findings and be included in future public recommendations. The current dietary references of intake do not have such information yet [12].


Implications

The increasing rates of obesity, diabetes and related metabolic and cardiovascular complexities with the modernizing trends of human life necessitate developing feasible and simple approaches of prevention and treatment. When to develop appetite and to healthfully eat will be an ultimate frontier to accomplishing such a global triumph. However, despite its simplicity, effective timing of appetite and eating requires diligent and hard efforts to make it a workable daily routine alongside a well-disciplined exercise program. The future of obesity prevention will highly depend on this innovative science [13, 14].


Acknowledgments

The Ministry of Science Research and Technology, and National Elite Foundation are gratefully acknowledged for supporting the author’s global programs of optimizing science edification in the third millennium.


References

  1. Nikkhah A (2011) Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2: 271-274.
  2. Nikkhah A (2012) Time of Feeding an Evolutionary Science. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.
  3. Nikkhah A (2014) Eating timing and diabetes. Int J Diabetol Vas Dis Res 2(2): 1.
  4. la Fleur SE, Kalsbeek A, Wortel J, Fekkes MI, Buijs RM (2001) A daily rhythm in glucose tolerance: a role for the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Diabetes 50(6): 1237-1243.
  5. Nikkhah A (2015) Intake circadian physiology: An overlooked public health concern. Endocrinol Metab Synd 4: 153.
  6. Nikkhah A (2014) Perspective: Nutrient intake chronophysiology: A rising public health concern. J Nutr Therap 3(4): 156-157.
  7. Nikkhah A (2015) Untimely intake as a postmodern public health bioterrorism. J Bioterror Biodef 7: e118.
  8. Nikkhah A (2014) Avoid large night meals to stay fit. J Obes Weight Loss Ther 4: e115.
  9. Nikkhah A (2015) Optimizing health management through circadian feed intake rhythms: A prognostic SciTech. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6: e115.
  10. Nikkhah A (2014) When to eat to beat obesity and diabetes? J Diabetes Metab 5: e115.
  11. Nikkhah A (2014) Timing of eating a global orchestrator of biological rhythms: dairy cow nitrogen metabolism and milk fatty acids. Biol Rhythm Res 45(5): 661-670.
  12. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) (2007) Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. USA.
  13. Nikkhah A (2015) Daily Exercise: Time for a Global Anti-Obesity Willpower. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control 3(4): 00063.
  14. Nikkhah A (2015) Nutritional Optimization of Physiological Rhythms: A Rising Innovation. J Nutr Health Food Eng 2(6): 00087.

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